Tamarisk+–+Tamarix+Gallica

=Tamarisk – Tamarix Gallica =  Tamarisk, sometimes referred to as Saltcedar.

//**Family: Tamaricaceae**//  ** Parts Used: **
 * 1 Parts Used
 * 2 Oligo-elements
 * 3 Vitamins and Minerals
 * 4 Phytochemical Constituents
 * 5 Nutritional Versus Phytotherapeutic Glucosinolate
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">6 Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">7 GI – Digestive – Hepatology
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">8 Pediatric use
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">9 Hematology - Oncology
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">10 ENT
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">11 Infectious Diseases
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">12 OB GYN/ Reproductive System
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">13 Cardio Vascular System
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">14 Endocrine System
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">15 Dermatology Trauma ||

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Young Shoots

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Tamarix gallica is a deep-rooted, deciduous tree that is native to the Mediterranean region and northern China. It grows in semi-arid localities, growing to 17 to 19 feet tall, and is recognized by its stringy appearance. The smooth, reddish-brown bark of younger plants becomes brownish-purple, ridged, and furrowed as it ages. Feathery, needle-like leaves, often encrusted with salt secretions, grow on its thin branches, its dense leaf cover shading out other species. Masses of small, pink flowers blossom on the ends of its branches from June to August.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Sweet manna is produced by the plant. Common uses of the tree include fuel, hedges, soil stabilization, tannin, and wood (general construction, poles, and turnery).

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Phytotherapy Indications**: Astringent; Detergent; Diuretic; Expectorant; Laxative.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The branchlets and the leaves are astringent and diuretic. An external compress of the leaves is applied to wounds to stop the bleeding.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The manna produced on the plant is detergent, expectorant and, laxative.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Galls** produced on the plant as a result of insect damage are astringent. They are used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tamarisk can be used to treat hepatic damage due to alcohol, chemicals, etc., impaired assimilation and digestion, impaired liver function, lack of appetite, jaundice, chronic hepatitis, ascites, and fluctuating blood glucose levels.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Oligo-elements: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, K, Su, Zn.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Vitamins and Minerals: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, C, Calcium.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Phytochemical Constituents: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//3 (Methyl thio) propyl isothiocyanate, Acetic-Acid, Aglycone//, Alpha-Terpineol, Ascorbic-Acid, **Auxins (IAA)**, Beta-Carotene, **Brassinosteroids (BR)**, Cellulose, Chlorine, Cinnamaldehyde, //Citric-Acid//, **Cytokinins (CK)**, D-Glucose, Fiber, **Florigen**, Fructose, Geranial, Geraniol,**Gibberellins (GA)**, Glucose, //Hordenine, Isoorientin, Isovitexin, Kaempferol, Lactic-Acid//, Limonene, //Linoleic-Acid//, Lysine, //Malic-Acid//,**Meristems plant stem cells (PSC)**, Methionine, //Methyl-Salicylate//, Mufa, //Myristic-Acid, Oleic-Acid,// Orientin, P-Cresol, //Palmitic-Acid//, Pectin,//Phenethyl Isothiocyanate//, Piperitone, Pufa, //Quinic-Acid//, Safrole, //Stearic-Acid, Succinic-Acid, Tamarixin, Tamarixetin-3-glucoside//, Tannin,//Tartaric-Acid//, Tryptophan, //Vitexin//. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Its principle constituents are tamarixin and traces of its aglycone, tamarixetin. It is used in bleeding disorders like menorrhagia, bleeding in the rectum and epitasis. It is used in disorders associated with hepatic insufficiency.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">It contains an **Alkaloid, Tamarixin, which** has been linked to its effectiveness **in supporting the liver function**. Tamarixetin-3-glucoside, Quercetin, Kaempferol.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Evaluation of possible mechanisms of protective role of //Tamarix gallica// against DEN initiated and 2-AAF promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Section of Chemoprevention and Nutrition Toxicology, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard Section of Chemoprevention and Nutrition Toxicology, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard Study finished January 2006.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tamarix gallica caused a marked inhibition of thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity, oxidative damage and early tumor promotion related events in the liver. These results strongly indicate that T. gallica may have chemopreventive potential. Interestingly, it was found that T. gallica (25 and 50 mg/kg body wt.) resulted in //**a marked reduction of the incidence of liver tumors**//. The study was further histologically confirmed. Furthermore to understand the underlying mechanisms of chemopreventive action by T. gallica we evaluated the levels activities of hepatic antioxidant defense enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase activity and hepatic DNA synthesis as a marker for tumor promotion since direct correlation between these marker parameters and carcinogenicity have been well documented. The promotion parameters induced (ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis) by 2-AAF administration in diet with partial hepatectomy (PH) were also significantly suppressed dose-dependently by T. gallica. Therefore, we can conclude that ultimately the protection against liver carcinogenesis by T. gallica methanolic extract might be mediated by multiple actions, which include restoration of cellular antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, ODC activity and DNA synthesis.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Isothiocyanates**// have strong chemopreventive properties against many carcinogen-induced cancers in experimental animal models. Here, we report that phenylmethyl isocyacyanate (PMITC) and phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) induced sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in a dose-dependent manner. The sustained JNK activation caused by isothiocyanates was associated with apoptosis induction in various cell types. An inhibitor of the caspase/interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme blocked isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis without inhibiting the JNK activation, which suggests that JNK activation by isothiocyanates is an event that is independent or upstream of the activation of caspase/interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme proteases. PEITC-induced apoptosis was suppressed by interfering with the JNK pathway with a dominant-negative mutant of JNK1 or MEKK1 (JNK1(APF) and MEKK1 (KR), respectively), implying that the JNK pathway is required for apoptotic signaling. Isothiocyanate-induced JNK activation was blocked by the antioxidants 2-mercaptoethanol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine, suggesting that the death signaling was triggered by oxidative stress. Overexpression of Bcl-2 suppressed PEITC-induced JNK activation. In addition, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL suppressed PEITC-induced apoptosis, but failed to protect cells from death induced by overexpression of activated JNK1. These results suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are upstream of JNK. Taken together, our results indicate (i) that JNK mediates PMITC- and PEITC-induced apoptosis and (ii) that PMITC and PEITC may have chemotherapeutic functions besides their chemopreventive functions. Isothiocyanates have been shown to be especially effective in fighting lung and //**esophageal cancers**//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">References: Molecular mechanisms of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase-mediated apoptosis induced by anticarcinog YR Chen, W Wang, AN Kong, TH Tan. J Biol Chem (1998) 273: 1769-75.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Isothiocyanates stop Carcinogens dead in their tracks in three different ways:** <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Isothiocyanates have been shown to be especially effective in fighting //**lung**// and //**esophageal cancers.**// <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">References: London SJ, Yuan J-M, Chung F-L, et al. Isothiocyanates, glutathione S transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, and lung cancer risk: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Lancet 2000;356(9231):724-9.
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">1) They don't allow carcinogens to be activated
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">2) They counteract the poisonous effects of carcinogens that have been activated
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">3) They speed up their removal from the body.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">It contains an alkaloid, //**Tamarixin**// that has been linked to its effectiveness in conditions associated with hepatic insufficiency. Tamarisk is also helpful in increasing platelet counts.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Quercetin glycosides**// are abundant in plants; their 30-O-methyl (isorhamnetin) derivatives are not uncommon. However, the //**40-O-methyl Quercetin (Tamarixetin) glycosides**// are //**rare in nature**//. Tamarixetin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1!2)-b-D-glucopyranoside (neohe-speridoside).//**Quercetin aglycone**// and its //**glycoside**//. Studies indicate that quercetin, but not rutin, is able to reduce AOM-induced colorectal carcinogenesis.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Particularly in naturally occurring glycosides, the compound ROH from which the carbohydrate residue has been removed is often termed the//**aglycone**//, and the carbohydrate residue itself is sometimes referred to as the 'aglycone'. An //aglycone// is the non-sugar compound remaining after replacement of the glycosyl group from a glycoside by a hydrogen atom. The spelling aglycon is sometimes encountered, but is incorrect.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Two isomeric flavonol 3-O-glycosides, tamarixetin and isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside (1 and 2), were synthesized.

<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; text-decoration: none;">

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Quercetin Metabolites Analogs & Derivatives**// are dietary polyphenolic compounds with definite beneficial effects on health. Claims that quercetin has biological activities are based mainly on in vitro studies with //**quercetin aglycone**//. However, quercetin is rapidly metabolized, and we have little knowledge of its availability to tissues. To assess the long-term tissue distribution of quercetin, 2 groups of rats were given a 0.1 or 1% quercetin diet [50 or 500 mg/kg body weight (wt)] for 11 wk. In addition, a 3-d study was done with pigs fed a diet containing 500 mg quercetin/kg body wt. Tissue concentrations of quercetin and quercetin metabolites were analyzed with an optimized extraction method. Quercetin and quercetin metabolites were widely distributed in rat tissues, with //the highest concentrations in lungs// (3.98 and 15.3 nmol/g tissue for the 0.1 and 1% quercetin diet, respectively) and //the lowest// in //brain//, //white fat//, and //spleen//. In the short-term pig study, //liver// (5.87 nmol/g tissue) and //kidney// (2.51 nmol/g tissue) contained high concentrations of quercetin and quercetin metabolites, whereas brain, heart, and spleen had low concentrations. These studies have for the first time identified target tissues of quercetin, which may help to understand its mechanisms of action in vivo(1).

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Although quercetin is not the most predominant flavonoid in our diet (2), it is one of the most studied. Most research has focused on the antioxidant properties of quercetin, its effects on several enzyme systems, and effects on biological pathways involved in carcinogenesis, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases Plant Stem Cells concentrated extracts all have a high concentration of many types of quercetin. Because the properties of quercetin aglycone and quercetin metabolites differ, studies with the aglycone have limited value. For example, the effects of quercetin aglycone on neuronal apoptosis mediated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway do not occur when quercetin is conjugated to a glucuronic acid (3). <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Upon absorption in the small intestine, quercetin is metabolized immediately by enzymes in the epithelial cells and further metabolized by the liver. The catechol group of quercetin is methylated at the 3' or 4' position by catechol-O-methyl transferase COMT (4), resulting in the formation of isorhamnetin (3'OCH3-quercetin) or tamarixetin (4'OCH3-quercetin). Both of these metabolites and quercetin can be conjugated at several hydroxyl groups with glucuronic acid or sulfate by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase or sulfotransferase, respectively (5). The plasma half-life of quercetin in humans is between 17 and 28 hours (6-7).

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that long-term exposure to quercetin in rats results in a wide distribution of quercetin metabolites to most of the organs. A short exposure in pigs did not result in high concentrations of quercetin metabolites in tissues other than kidney and liver. In addition, this study does not exclude the presence of free aglycone in tissues, but when aglycone concentrations are analyzed, attention should be paid to deconjugation reactions during extraction. These experiments have identified target tissues of quercetin, which may help to understand the mechanisms of action of quercetin in vivo.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**References**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">1. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 135:1718-1725, July 2005. **Vincent C. J. de Boer*,, Ashwin A. Dihal ,**, Hester van der Woude , Ilja C. W. Arts*, Siegfried Wolffram , Gerrit M. Alink , Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens , Jaap Keijer* and Peter C. H. Hollman*,2
 * RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; **TNO Quality of Life, Physiological Sciences Department, Zeist, The Netherlands; and Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**2. Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:727-747.**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**3. Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:727-747.**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**4. Abbreviations used: COMT, catechol-O-methyl transferase; Hb, hemoglobin; LOD, limit of detection; Q3G, quercetin 3-O-ß-glucoside; wt, weight.**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**5. Van der Woude H., Boersma M. G., Vervoort J., Rietjens I. M. Identification of 14 quercetin phase II mono- and mixed conjugates and their formation by rat and human phase II in vitro model systems. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2004;17:1520-1530**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**6. Hollman P.C.H., Arts I.C.W. Flavonols, flavones and flavanols—nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000;80:1081-1093.**
 * <span style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px;">**7. Manach C., Donovan J. L. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of dietary flavonoids in humans. Free Radic. Res. 2004;38:771-785.[Medline].**

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Nutritional Versus Phytotherapeutic Glucosinolate: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Thorough chewing of raw cruciferous vegetables increases glucosinolate contact with plant myrosinase and increases the amount of isothiocyanates absorbed. The likelihood of proper chewing is very unlikely. When ingested in the form of an PSC concentrated extract the concentration and absorption is much greater. Even when plant myrosinase is completely inactivated by heat, the myrosinase activity of human intestinal bacteria allows for some formation and absorption of isothiocyanates. However, the absorption and excretion of isothiocyanates is substantially lower from cooked than from raw cruciferous vegetables.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">During metabolism, isothiocyanates are conjugated (bound) to glutathione, an activity that is promoted by a family of enzymes called glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and further metabolized to mercapturic acids.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Glucosinolates are water-soluble compounds that may be leached into cooking water. Boiling cruciferous vegetables from 9-15 minutes resulted in 18-59% decreases in the total glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables. Cooking methods that use less water, such as steaming or microwaving, may reduce glucosinolate losses. However, some cooking practices, including boiling, steaming, and microwaving at high power (750-900 watts), may inactivate myrosinase, the enzyme that catalyzes glucosinolate hydrolysis. Even in the absence of plant myrosinase activity, the myrosinase activity of human intestinal bacteria results in some glucosinolate hydrolysis. However, several studies in humans have found that inactivation of myrosinase in cruciferous vegetables substantially decreases the bioavailability of isothiocyanates. That is one more reason for the use of embryonic plant extract being more therapeutic than that of food which is mainly nutritional.


 * ~ Their Glucosinolate Precursors ||
 * Isothiocyanate || Glucosinolate (precursor) || Food Sources ||
 * Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) || Sinigrin || Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, horseradish, mustard, radish ||
 * Benzyl Isothiocyanate (BITC) || Glucotropaeolin || Cabbage, garden cress, Indian cress ||
 * Phenethyl-Isothiocyanate (PEITC) || Gluconasturtiin || Watercress ||
 * Sulforaphane (SFN) || Glucoraphanin || Broccoli, Brusseis sprouts, cabbage ||

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//Polycrest all//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//The Bleeding Disorders and Hepatic Insufficiency Agent//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Tamarixetin glycosides are rare in nature. Tamarisk young shoots activate Iron Metabolism since it stimulates the formation of Red Blood Corpuscles. Tamarisk Increases Platelets and coagulation. **The use of these young shoots must be supervised by a physician since it could cause clots to form in a patient with a predisposition to hyper coagulation**. //Powerful Antioxidant//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//Contraindications//: Do not use with hyper-coagulation, thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera, arteriosclerosis increases platelets Hematomacrosis and //elevated iron//.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** GI – Digestive – Hepatology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hepatic Stimulant and Tonic. //Anticirrhotic//. Improves digestion and assimilation, arrests hepatic damage, accelerates metabolic activity, regulates the concentration of plasma-protein, promotes hepatocellular regeneration, and improves the appetite. Decreases the size of spleen spleenomegaly, helps in coagulation. Blood purifier. //**Arrest rectal bleeding**//. Diarrhea and Dysentery. //**Morpholin-4-yl**// Moiety, A Novel Brain-Penetrant, orally available corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist with efficacy in alcoholism. Also for alcoholic auto intoxication induces anemia. Stress-induced //**relapse**// to alcohol addiction seeking. A potent activity to reverse anxiogenic effects of acute alcohol withdrawal. Extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems mediate behavioral stress responses (Heinrichs and Koob, 2004), primarily through CRF1 receptors (Contarino et al., 1999; Muller and Wurst, 2004). Similar to other potent stressors, acute alcohol withdrawal induces anxiety-like responses that are correlated with increased CRF levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Olive et al., 2002), sites mediating behavioral stress responses. Accordingly, anxiogenic effects of alcohol withdrawal are reversed by CRF antagonism (Baldwin et al., 1991).

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Stimulates Liver function. //**Alkaloid, Tamarixin**// in supporting the liver function, by multiple actions, which include restoration of cellular antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, ODC activity and DNA synthesis. Hepatoprotective effect in even //**cirrhotic**// patients. This protective effect of these young shoots can be attributed to the diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulating phytochemical constituents of this plant. Increase in the number of the total mass of functioning hepatocytes. The liver enzymes return to normal levels with an increase in total proteins, albumin and hemoglobin. Scientifically validated by many clinical studies. Reversal of the elevated levels of liver marker parameters and tumor promotion markers. //**Sulforaphane**// is an organosulfur compound that exhibits //**antimicrobial**// properties.//**Inhibiting Helicobacter pylori growth.**//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//Posology Note//: For these kinds of serious health conditions //**the dosage**// will have to be much increased than what is normal //**customary formulae**// and will have to be more like that of 15 to 30 drops 3 x a day depending severity and response. Instead of the //**customary posology**//being 3 drops 3 x a day has is normally prescribed.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Pediatric Use: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">To move the bowels in children.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Hematology - Oncology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Haemopoetic**, Various types of Anemia, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura. Erythropenia low platelets, Erythropenia medullary. Chronic diffuse Histiocytosis X Hand Schuller Disease. Activates Cholesterol Metabolism. **Epistaxis**. //**Lymphatic tumors**// it as demonstrated to be effective. //**Colon Cancer. Tamarisk gallica**// may have //**chemopreventive**// potential. Interestingly, it was found that //**Tamarisk gallica**// resulted in//**a marked reduction of the incidence of liver tumors**//. Can be a candidate for a good chemoprotectant. Nitric oxide scavenging activity.**Sulforaphane** is an organosulfur compound that exhibits //**anticancer**// activities. The //**anticancer**// activity of sulforaphane is thought to be related to the //**induction**// of //**phase-II enzymes of xenobiotic transformation (such as quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase)**//, and//**enhancing**// the //**transcription of tumor suppressor proteins**//, possibly via //**inhibitory effects on histone deacetylase**//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**//Isothiocyanates//** **have been shown to be especially effective in fighting lung and** //esophageal cancers//**.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"> **Isothiocyanates, such as**//phenethyl isothiocyanate// **(PEITC) and** //sulforaphane//**, have been shown to** //inhibit carcinogenesis// **and** //tumorigenesis// **and as such are useful chemopreventive agents against the development and proliferation of cancers. They work on a variety of levels. Most notably, they have been shown to** //inhibit carcinogenesis// **through** //inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes//**, which** //oxidize// **compounds such as**//benzo[a]pyrene// **and other** //polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons// **(PAHs) into more** //polar epoxy-diols// **which** //can// **then** //cause mutation// **and** //induce cancer development//**.** <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">References: London SJ, Yuan J-M, Chung F-L, et al. Isothiocyanates, glutathione S transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, and lung cancer risk: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Lancet 2000;356(9231):724-9.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Phenethyl isothiocyanate**// (PEITC) has been shown to **induce apoptosis** in certain cancer cell lines, and in some cases, is '//**even able to induce apoptosis'**// //**in cells that are resistant**// to some currently used chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, in //**drug resistant leukemia cells**//which produce the powerful //**apoptosis inhibitor protein BCl-2**//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Phenylisothiocyanate is reacted with an uncharged terminal amino group, under mildly alkaline conditions, to form a //**cyclical phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative**//. Then, under acidic conditions, this derivative of the terminal amino acid is cleaved as a //**thiazolinone derivative**//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Effect of T. gallica on 2-AAF-mediated oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity and hyperproliferation response. Therefore, we can conclude that ultimately the protection against liver carcinogenesis by T. gallica methanolic extract might be mediated by multiple actions, which include restoration of cellular antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase activity ODC activity and DNA synthesis. Tamarix gallica; //**Liver carcinogenesis**//; Tumor promotion Inhibitor; Chemoprevention. Reversal of the elevated levels of liver marker parameters and tumor promotion markers.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** ENT: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Epistaxis

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Infectious Diseases: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Infectious Mononucleosis. Accelerates the recovery of such infection convalescence by improving the immunological function. Hepatitis C. Tamarix gallica are used to alleviate several physiological distresses and infectious diseases in the Central Sahara region in Africa (Hammiche and Maiza, 2006). Total synthesis of a series of thiazolinone and thiazolidinone analogues of the antibacterial oxazolinone antibiotic indolmycin. Thiazolinone analogues of indolmycin with antiviral and antibacterial activity. Alpha-methyl 2-hydroxy-3-(indol-3-yl)valerate supports a reaction mechanism involving neighboring group participation by the indole C-3 carbon during nucleophilic displacement on the beta-carbon of a C-3 substituent. 2-monoalkylaminothiazolinone analogues have in vitro and vivo activity against both RNA viruses and bacteria. Synthesis, //**antiviral, antituberculostic**// and //**antibacterial**// activities of some novel, 4-(4'-substituted phenyl)-6-(4"-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(substituted imino) pyrimidines.**Chalcogenoxanthylium** photosensitizers for the photodynamic //**purging**// of //**blood-borne viral**// and //**bacterial pathogens**//. 30 Oct 2005

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** OB GYN/ Reproductive System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Menorrhagia, Uterine Fibroids Hemorrhaging. Will arrest many types of bleeding. Leucorrhoea.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Cardio Vascular System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Vitexin a //**potent antioxidant-hypotensive**// but only when given at high dosage is it hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic (nonspecific) properties. Hypotensive effect of VT was attributed to its ganglion-blocking properties and antiinflammatory effects to its anti-histaminic, anti-bradykinin and anti-serotonin properties.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Endocrine System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Vitexin**// Goitrogenic; Thyroid-Peroxidase-Inhibitor AB. Excellent in Hypertensive Hyperthyroidism with brachy tachycardia. But only in high dosage is it hypotensive.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Dermatology Trauma: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//Topical Use//: apply to wounds will stop the bleeding.