Horse+Chestnut+–+Aesculus+Hippocastanum

=Horse Chestnut – Aesculus Hippocastanum =  //**Family: Hippocastanaceae**// 


 * 1 Part Used:
 * 2 Abstracts of Published Research on Horse Chestnut – Aesculus Hippocastanum
 * 3 Oligo-elements:
 * 4 Vitamins and Minerals:
 * 5 Phytochemical Constituents:
 * 6 Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.1 Cardio Vascular System:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.2 Pulmonary System:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.3 Dermatology:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.4 Hematology Oncology:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.5 GI – Digestive – Hepatology:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.6 Psychiatry:
 * <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">6.7 Environmental

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Part Used: ** <span style="border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-color: white; border-left-width: 1.4em; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: solid; border-top-width: 0.5em; clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: auto;"> <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #cccccc; display: block; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 163px;">

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Buds

NOTE: //These indications are only for use with embryonic plant stem cell tissues. Adult plants do not have the same constituents, actions or applications in most cases.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree that is native to Asia and northern Greece and is now cultivated in many areas of Europe and North America. This rapidly growing tree reaches heights of 98 feet and has a wide spread and broadly conical crown. The Aesculus hippocastanum is easily distinguishable by its 5 to 7 fingered, bright-green leaflets appearing on each stiff green stem in early spring. Once the tree is fully leafed out in late spring, masses of upright flower spikes blossom around its canopy. The flowers of this showy arrangement are scented, pink and white, and 8 inches high. Ripening of this tree’s fruit occurs in early autumn. The spiny-husked fruit splits open when mature, revealing two large chestnut brown seeds known as buckeyes, conkers, or horse chestnuts. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Common uses of this tree include dye, soap, starch, tannin, wood.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Bach flower applications**: Useful for someone who fails to learn by experience; someone who lacks observation to learn life’s lessons (repeating errors since childhood). For those who are more concerned for the well-being and safety of others, especially family and close friends, than they are for themselves. The positive quality of this remedy is the return of a more rational concern. These applications also apply to Plant Stem Cell Therapy.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Abstracts of Published Research on Horse Chestnut – Aesculus Hippocastanum: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">1. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Altern Med Rev. 2009 Sep;14(3):278-83. Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut) - Monograph.//[No authors listed]//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">2. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Planta Med. 2009 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print] Escin, a Natural Mixture of Triterpene Saponins, Exhibits Antitumor Activity Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma.//Zhou XY, Fu FH, Li Z, Dong QJ, He J, Wang CH.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">3. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2009 Feb 26;129(5):420-2. Horse chestnut--remedy for chronic venous insufficiency//Methlie CB, Schjøtt J.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">4. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Vascul Pharmacol. 2008 Oct-Dec;49(4-6):158-65. Epub 2008 Jul 30. Effect of beta-escin sodium on endothelial cells proliferation, migration and apoptosis.//Wang XH, Xu B, Liu JT, Cui JR.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">5. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Sep;60(9):1213-20. Beta-escin, a natural triterpenoid saponin from Chinese horse chestnut seeds, depresses HL-60 human leukaemia cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.//Niu YP, Wu LM, Jiang YL, Wang WX, Li LD.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">6. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jun 25;56(12):4783-8. Epub 2008 May 31. Antiobese effects of novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata BLUME) after treatment with wood ashes.//Kimura H, Ogawa S, Katsube T, Jisaka M, Yokota K.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">7. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Int J Cosmet Sci. 1999 Dec;21(6):437-47 Horse Chestnut - Aesculus Hippocastanum: Potential Applications in Cosmetic Skin-care Products.//Wilkinson JA, Brown AM.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">8. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007 Apr;29(2):140. A horse chestnut extract, which induces contraction forces in fibroblasts, is a potent anti-aging ingredient.//Fujimura T, Tsukahara K, Moriwaki S, Hotta M, Kitahara T, Takema Y.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">9. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Leuk Lymphoma. 2008 Jul;49(7):1384-91 Beta-aescin: a potent natural inhibitor of proliferation and inducer of apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells in vitro.//Niu YP, Li LD, Wu LM.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">10. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2008 Jan;56(1):12-6. Anti-obesity effects of escins extracted from the seeds of Aesculus turbinata BLUME (Hippocastanaceae).//Hu JN, Zhu XM, Han LK, Saito M, Sun YS, Yoshikawa M, Kimura Y, Zheng YN.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">11. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Vet Med Sci. 2007 Jul;69(7):709-12. Identification of COX inhibitors in the hexane extract of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds.//Sato I, Kofujita H, Tsuda S.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">12. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Cosmet Sci. 2006 Sep-Oct;57(5):369-76. A horse chestnut extract, which induces contraction forces in fibroblasts, is a potent anti-aging ingredient//Fujimura T, Tsukahara K, Moriwaki S, Hotta M, Kitahara T, Takema Y.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">13. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Vet Med Sci. 2006 May;68(5):487-9. Antiinflammatory effect of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds.//Sato I, Kofujita H, Suzuki T, Kobayashi H, Tsuda S.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">14. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Adv Ther. 2006 Jan-Feb;23(1):179-90. Treatment of patients with venous insufficiency with fresh plant horse chestnut seed extract: a review of 5 clinical studies.//Suter A, Bommer S, Rechner J.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">15. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Ostomy Wound Manage. 2006 Apr;52(4):68-70, 72-4, 76-8. Using horsechestnut seed extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers: a cost-benefit analysis.//Leach MJ, Pincombe J, Foster G.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">16. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Aug 28;41(5):1657-65. Epub 2006 Apr 18. Identification of novel saponins from edible seeds of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata Blume) after treatment with wooden ashes and their nutraceutical activity.//Kimura H, Ogawa S, Jisaka M, Kimura Y, Katsube T, Yokota K.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">17. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Wound Care. 2006 Apr;15(4):159-67. Clinical efficacy of horsechestnut seed extract in the treatment of venous ulceration.//Leach MJ, Pincombe J, Foster G.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">18. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Vet Med Sci. 2005 Jul;67(7):731-4. Antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of Japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) seeds.//Sato I, Suzuki T, Kobayashi H, Tsuda S.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">19. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Drugs Aging. 1999 Dec;15(6):423-8. Herbal medications for common ailments in the elderly.//Ernst E.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">20. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1989 Feb;65(2):137-41. Steroidal constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) bark.//Senatore F, Mścisz A, Mrugasiewicz K, Gorecki P.//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">21. <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;">J Nat Prod. 1986 Jul-Aug;49(4):650-6.Links Antitumor agents, 82. Cytotoxic sapogenols from Aesculus hippocastanum.//Konoshima T, Lee KH//

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Oligo-elements: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Cu, Cr, Fe, Ge, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Vitamins and Minerals: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Calcium, Choline.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Phytochemical Constituents: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Acetic-Acid, Acylated Glycosides, Triterpene Saponins collectively known as Aescin. Aesculetin, Adenine, Adenosine, Allantoin, Angelic-Acid, Astragalin, Barringtogenol-C21-angelate (terpenoid), Campesterol, Citric-Acid, Cryptoaescin, Epicatechin, Escin, Esculetin, Esculin, Fraxetin, Fraxin, Glucuronic-Acid, Guanine, Hippocaesculin (terpenoid), Isoquercitrin, Kaempferol-3-Rhamnoglucoside, Leucocyanidin, Leucodelphinidin, Myricetine, Protoaesigenin, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Saponins, Scopoletin, Scopoline, Starch, Sterols Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Tannin.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Saponins, a complex mixture known as "aescin", are composed of acylated glycosides of protoaesigenin and barringtogenol-C and include hippocaesculin and many others. Barringtogenol-C21-angelate (terpenoid), hippocaesculin (terpenoid). <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Coumarin glycosides aesculin, fraxin, and scopoline and their corresponding aglycones, aesculetin, fraxetin, and scopoletin, are also found, along with flavonoids such as quercitrin. Allantoin, leucocyanidins, tannins, and the plant sterols sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol have also been identified.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: #aaaaaa; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"> Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications: <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//Polycrest all Bipolar action!//

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Cardio Vascular System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Regulatory Bipolar Action for Hypertension and Hypotension, Venous decongestant. Hemorrhoids (anti-hemorrhaging), sedative action and antispasmodic, Varicosities, Varicose Veins, Broken Capillaries, spider veins, Telangiectasis. **Chronic Venous Insufficiency CVI.** Deep Vein Thrombosis. Prevents blood from pooling in the legs and feet. Help support the normal integrity of the vascular system and connective tissue. Haemocompatible surfaces of stents keeps them clean of accumulation within the stent as with the drug Plavix but not superior to dogwood for this effect but a great adjuvant.Aescin reduces transcapillary filtration of water and protein and increases venous tone by increasing the vasoconstrictor, prostaglandin F2 alpha. It stabilizes cholesterol-containing membranes of lysosomes and limits the release of enzymes, which is typically increased in chronic pathologic conditions of the vein. It also improves vascular resistance and aids toning of vein walls. The triterpene glycosides and steroid saponins decrease venous capillary permeability and appear to have a tonic effect on the circulatory system.//Rutin// inhibits platelet aggregation, making the blood thinner and improving circulation. //Scopoletin// (7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin)Significantly decreases in lower-leg volume and reduction of leg circumference at the calf and ankleLeucocyanidin capillariprotective //**antioxidant potency**//and //**vascular-protective action**//. //Cryptoaescin, Aescin, Aesculetin, Escin, Esculetin, Esculin, Fraxetin, Fraxin, Hippocaesculin// A**Haemocompatible surfaces of stents keeps them clean of accumulation within the stent** as with the drug Plavix but not superior to that of //Dogwood// which is the //polycrest// for stent proper maintenance.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Pulmonary System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">COPD, Emphysema, Pulmonary Insufficiency, Dilatation of the Bronchus, a long standing asthma. Shortness of breath. **Triad:** //Hazel – Corylus Avellana (buds), Horse Chestnut – Aesculus Hippocastanum (buds), Wayfaring Tree – Viburnum Lantana (buds).//

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Dermatology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Blotchiness of the face & Erythema Peri-ulcerative, Hematomas.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Topical Use:** Skin ulcers, wound, scalds, burns and sunburns, carbuncles, acne and skin eruptions, pruritus, fissures and abrasions, impetigo, eczema, psoriasis.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Hematology Oncology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//The internal Detergent for blood detoxification//. Anticoagulant, Cytotoxic activity in the 9-KB (//human nasopharyngeal carcinoma//). Barringtogenol-C21-angelate (saponin): Antiproliferative activity; cytotoxic; antitumor against nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Anti-inflammatory actions have been documented for the saponins (aescin). Aesculetin (esculin), a hydroxycoumarin, may increase bleeding time. May prolong Activated Clotting Time (ACT); Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT); Prothrombin Consumption Time (PCT); Fibrinogen; Coagulation Factors; Platelet Count; Platelet Function. Formal name: Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio (INR).

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** GI – Digestive – Hepatology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, which is responsible for intestinal infections, and Helicobacter pylori, which causes ulcers.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Psychiatry: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Regulates the hormone high or low serotonin, which helps to reduce anxiety and depression.


 * Warning:** Horse chestnut has an anti-clotting action, people taking medications such as Coumadin, Plavix or Ticlid, as well as those who use aspirin therapy to reduce blood clotting, should avoid the use of horse chestnut.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Environmental: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Assists in the //**proper detoxification**// of plastic-hardening chemical called hydroxylated diphenylalkanes or //**Bisphenols A**// BPA, similar to the hormone estrogen, is used to seal canned food and make shatterproof bottles. It is also used in hundreds of household items, from sunglasses to CDs. Bisphenol-A has been found to interrupt the functioning of the hormone system which is linked to reproductive complications, early onset of puberty, liver and thyroid damage and testicular cancer. //**Polyvinyl chloride Phthalates**// are chemicals added to plastic to make it soft and flexible these toxic chemicals are easily released. Phthalates can leak out of the plastic toys and enter their vulnerable bodies and systems. Auxins //Indole-3 acetic acid// (IAA) which detoxifies excess xenoestrogens. //Glucuronic-Acid// which Antidote (Camphor); and (Morphine); Antihepatotoxic; Detoxicant. Removes Toxins and Excess Xenoestrogens. //Saponins// bind with bile salt and cholesterol in the intestinal tract. Saponins cause a reduction of blood cholesterol by preventing its re-absorption. Saponins seem to react with the cholesterol rich membranes of cancer cells, thereby limiting their growth and viability.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Xenoestrogens a synthetic substances that imitate the effects of estrogens, such as bisphenols and phthalates maybe one of the cause to contribute to the dramatic decline in bioavailable testosterone and sperm count that has been observed in American men over the past 50 years. This same period has coincided with a meteoric rise in the incidence of diabetes and heart disease in the US.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Optimizing testosterone levels may provide men with powerful protection against the risk of premature death and diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s, and even prostate cancer. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">References: LE Magazine July 2007: Edward M. Lichten, MD, FACS, is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a Fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

Warnings : //Orally administered aescin has an absorption half-life of about 1 hour and an elimination half-life of about 20 hours. May prolong APTT, PTT, INR. Horse chestnut has an anti-clotting action, people taking medications such as Coumadin, Plavix or Ticlid, as well as those who use aspirin therapy to reduce blood clotting, should avoid the use of horse chestnut. This plant in the adult stage is potentially toxic contaminated with toxic metals if ingested and should not be used internally contrary to the// **embryonic form which is completely safe and non toxic.**