Elecampane+–+Inula+Helenium

=Elecampane – Inula Helenium =  //**Family: Asteraceae**//  ** Part Used: **
 * 1 Part Used
 * 2 Vitamins and Minerals
 * 3 Phytochemical Constituents
 * 3.1 Posology
 * 4 Contraindications and Side Effects
 * 4.1 References
 * 5 Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications:
 * 5.1 Pulmonary System – ENT
 * 5.2 Gi Digestive System - Hepatology
 * 5.3 Neurological System Topical use
 * 5.4 Endocrine System
 * 5.5 Cardiovascular System
 * 5.6 Infectious Diseases
 * 5.7 Dermatology-Hematology-Oncology
 * 5.8 Dental
 * 5.9 Ob-Gyn
 * 5.10 Renal Uro-genital System
 * 5.11 Environmental Medicine
 * 5.12 Veterinary Medicine
 * 6 Scientific Based Evidence Research ||
 * 6 Scientific Based Evidence Research ||

Embryonic Roots

NOTE: //These indications are only for use with embryonic plant stem cell tissues. Adult plants do not have the same constituents, actions or applications in most cases.//

It is a rather rigid herb, the stem of which attains a height of from 3 to 5 feet; the leaves are large and toothed, the lower ones stalked, the rest embracing the stem; the flowers are yellow, 2 inches broad, and have many rays, each three-notched at the extremity. The root is thick, branching and mucilaginous, and has a warm, bitter taste and a camphoraceous odor. The name Elecampane is derived from the Latin "campana", meaning "country". The species name, helenium, is said to be named after Helen of Troy, who was collecting Elecampane when she was captured by Paris. Elecampane has a large, long, branching root, pale yellow on the outside and whitish and fleshy within. When dry the outside turns a grayish brown or dark brown, and is generally finely wrinkled lengthwise. As found in commerce, elecampane is usually in transverse or lengthwise slices, light Yellow or grayish and fleshy internally, dotted with numerous shining resin cells, and with overlapping brown or wrinkled bark. These slices become flexible in damp weather and tough but when they are dry they break with a short fracture. The root has at first a strongly aromatic odor, which has been described by some as resembling a violet odor, but this diminished in drying. The taste is aromatic, bitterish and pungent.

There are flowers that speak to us of the sunshine, and there are those that cast about a shadow. Happily we associate the elecampane with the sun because its face is so bright and golden. It has also done many good deeds to man and beast during its long residence on the globe. In veterinary practice it is used largely in epidemics. In fact, it is one of the oldest known of the medicinal plants.

In France and Switzerland it is used in the manufacture of absinthe. Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%–74% ABV) beverage. It is an anise-flavored spirit derived from herbs.

For medicinal purposes, the roots should be procured from plants not more than two or three years old. Besides inulin (C6H12O6[C6H10O5]n), a body isomeric with starch, the root contains helenin (C15H20O2), a stearoptene, which may be prepared in white acicular crystals, insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol. When freed from the accompanying inula-camphor by repeated crystallization from alcohol, helenin melts at 110 °C.

Susan O'Shea, a research student at Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), Ireland, has shown that extracts from the herb kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as a broad spectrum of other bacteria. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">References: MRSA faces defeat from wild flower". Archived from the original on 2007-11-11.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The root was employed by the ancients Celts both as a medicine and as a condiment, and in England it was formerly in great repute as an aromatic tonic and stimulant of the secretory organs. As a drug, however, the root is now seldom resorted to except in veterinary practice, though it is undoubtedly possessed of antiseptic properties. John Gerard recommended elecampane for "the shortness of breath"; today herbalists prescribe it as an expectorant and for water retention; it also is claimed to have antiseptic properties. It has minor applications as a tonic and to bring on menstruation.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Vitamins and Minerals: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">(B-1, B-3, B-6 hormonal vitamins). High content of Calcium.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Phytochemical Constituents: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Elecampane is //**the richest source of inulin 19%.**// Inulin is closely associated in Elecampane with //Inulenin//, pseudo-inulin, **Sesquiterpene Abscisic acid (AB)**, **Auxins**, **(IAA)**, Alanto-lactones is also known as //Helenin// or elecampane camphor, //Helelanin//, 1-3%. //Alantolactone// and its metabolites (Alantol, Alantic acid) as principal components. //**Azulene**//, **Brassinosteroids(BR)**, //Caleosins//, Cytokinins (CK), **Florigen**,**Gibberellins (GA)**, Glutathione, //Immunoglobulin//, **Jasmonates-Jasmonic acid (JA)**, //Ligand//, //Lipids phospholipid composition Exporters//,**Meristems PSC**, //Oleosins//, Phenols, Polyamines, //Proanthocyanidins//, //Proteins//, and //Peptides//, **Salicylic acid (SA)**, //Polyacetylenes//, aliphatic hydrocarbons (including Nonacosane), 8,9-epoxy-10-isobutyryloxythymol isobutyrate. //Sesquiterpene lactones:// //Eudesmanolides alantolactone//, Isoalantolactone, 11,13-dihydroalantolactone, 4,5-dihydro-5.6-dehydroalantolactone (= 1=desoxy-8-epi-ivangustin), and //Germacrene D-lactone. Sesquiterpene// hydrocarbons (including b-elemene). //Scopoletin// (**7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin**). //Sterols//: b-sitosterol and its glucoside stigmasterol. //Monoterpene:// Thymol, //Triterpenes:// Friedelin, Dammaranedienol and dammaradienyl acetate.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Posology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">6-30 drops 3 x a day. For acute conditions best given in small often repeated doses like that of every 2 hours PRN. It is, however, //**seldom given alone**//, but most frequently preferred in combination with other plants like Black Poplar, Wayfaring tree, White willow, Sundew etc…

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Contraindications and Side Effects: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hypersensitive individuals may develop contact dermatitis when touching elecampane. Due to the content of the brassinosteroids in the embryonic form which contains the phytohormone brassinosteroid with their anti-dermatitis effect, should not be of concern has for the two year old roots use in conventional phytotherapy. Do not give if Pregnancy or Nursing. Those who suffer from allergies to members of the daisy family (ragweed, asters, sunflowers, etc.) are unlikely to have an allergic reaction to embryonic form which contains those wonderful brassinosteroids.**Hypotension** biological activities of this plant will be potentiated when taken together with other blood pressure lowering herbs.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** References: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 222–4.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994, 254–6.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Duke, JA. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press, 1992.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994, 254–6**.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals.** London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996, 106–7.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs:** **Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 328–9.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**7Bradley PR (ed). British Herbal Compendium, vol. 1. Bournemouth, England: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992, 87–8.**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**8Carabin IG, Flamm WG. Evaluation of safety of inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1999;30:268–82 [review].**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Coussement PA. Inulin and oligofructose: safe intakes and legal status. J Nutr 1999;129:1412S–7S [review].**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Gay-Crosier F, Schreiber G, Hauser C. Anaphylaxis from inulin in vegetables and processed food. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1372 [letter].**

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al. (eds). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics, 1998, 912–3.**

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Plant Stem Cell Therapy Indications: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Polycrest All

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Pulmonary System – ENT: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Detoxifies and Strengthens the respiratory tract mucous membranes. Expectorant, Acute and chronic Coughs with Catarrh, Whooping cough,//**Helelanin Respiroanaleptic**// (stimulate the breathing muscles), Irritation of the Trachea and Bronchi, post nasal drip PND, COPD, Emphysema, Asthma, Dyspnea SOB (shortness of breath) exacerbated by exertion, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) which is often labored,//**Bronchitis**//, Bacterial Pneumonia, Pulmonary nodules, Eggshell Calcification of the Hilar Lymph Nodes. //**Asbestosis**// with the use of //**White Willow buds, Silicosis**// (also known as Potter's rot) is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust, and is marked by inflammation and scarring in forms of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. //**Silicotuberculosis**//. Although silicosis has been known for centuries, the industrialization of mining has led to an increase in silicosis cases. Pneumatic drilling in mines and less commonly, mining using explosives, would raise rock dust. There is some concern that cannabis contaminated with silica may cause silicosis in users. As of 2008 far smaller particles of silica, as well as other chemicals, are being used to 'bulk' up the shipments of goods which can only increase the risk to the health of users.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Exhibited significant activity against //**Mycobacterium tuberculosis**//, provided the known eudesmanolides alantolactone, isoalantolactone, and 11 alpha H, 13-dihydroisoalantolactone. (Note: For activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alantolactone, isoalantolactone and its 4 alpha, 15-epoxide, 1,2-dehydro-3-epi-isotelekin and alloalantolactone had minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of 32 micrograms per milliliter; all other compounds showed MIC values of 128 micrograms per milliliter or higher). Alantolactone has an anti-inflammatory action, it also reduces mucous secretions and stimulates the immune system. Abundant expectoration, teasing cough, tenacious cough and pain beneath the sternum, conditions frequent in common colds, and the severer forms of colds. It lessens excessive bronchial secretion controls the night sweats and imparts real tone and strength. Foreign authorities have written considerable in the last five years on the action of this agent in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis claiming that it has a directly toxic action upon the tubercle bacilli. They believe that a pure alkaloid of inula will exercise a more positive influence than creosote, or guaiacol preparations. //**Brassinosteroids**// for //**Sarcoidosis**// and //**Asthma**//. //**Cytokinins**// are//**immunomodulating agents (interleukins, interferons, etc)**//. For Allergies and Asthma. Sesquiterpene //**Abscisic Acid**// acts as a //**human cytokine. Involved**// in the //**stimulation**// of //**human granulocytes**// with //**cyclic ADP-ribose**// as //**second messenger**// and //**triggers nitric oxide production**// (another cytokine) which decreases //**inflammatory cytokine production.**// Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively //**reduces endothelial expression**// of //**adhesion molecules**// and proinflammatory cytokines.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Gi Digestive System - Hepatology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Digestive. Weakness of the digestive organs, Hepatic torpor, Hepatoregenerative, Increases the bile flow. Peptic Ulcers, Atonic Dyspepsia, with excessive flatulence and bloating, Diarrhea, Chronic Enterogastritis (Chen, et al., 2007). Inulin (also known as fructosan), a carbohydrate-based fiber that is broken down and absorbed in the colon instead of in the upper digestive tract where most other foods are digested. Inulin is converted into fatty acids that spread out to many different tissues in the body. Inulin is a fructo-oligo-saccharide (fos) which acts as a prebiotic.//**Alantolactone**//, which is //**strongly anthelmintic**//. In a 1:1000 dilution it kills //**Ascaris**// in 16 hours. Antiamebic, Trichomonas, Vermifuge,//**Nematicide**// (roundworms). Suppression of egg-laying in the worms. The alantolactone content" in Inula helenium possesses stronger anthelmintic action than santonin. Also inhibition against the odor producing cyanobacterium O. perornata compared to activity against the green alga S. capricornutum. Several cases of human poisoning have been documented. These toxins can be neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins, and can be dangerous to animals and humans

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Neurological System Topical use: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Employed as an embrocation (to rub on affected area) in the treatment of //**sciatica, facial**// and other //**neuralgia**//.' Bell’s Palsy.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Endocrine System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Inulin Antidiabetic**// Diabetes type 2, Hypoglycemia. //**Sesquiterpene abscisic acid**// also //**stimulates the endocrinal glands**// resulting in more secretions of //**enzymes**// and //**hormones**//. This can play a beneficial role in diseases associated with improper secretion of hormones such as, diabetes, where the //**enhanced insulin production**// will help lower the blood sugar level. It helps //**losing weight, removal of toxins**// from the body, and //**promotes digestion**//. All seeds contain some //**Abscisic acid**// which was shown to be an endogenous //**stimulator**// of //**insulin release**//from //**human pancreatic beta cells regeneration**// with //**cyclic ADP-ribose**// as //**second messenger**// (Bruzzone S et al., J Biol Chem 2008, 283, 32188). This observation suggests that this lipid phytohormone may be involved in the physiology of insulin release, mainly in its dysregulation under conditions of inflammation. PPAR gamma-activating and anti-inflammatory phytohormone, abscisic acid, which is also a potent//**antidiabetic agent.**// //**Brassinosteroids**// are //**similar**// to the //**hormone cortisol**// to deal with //**short term environmental stress**// just like //**cortisone**//.//**Brassinosteroids HMG-CoA reductase statin**// is active when blood glucose is high. The basic functions of insulin and glucagon are to maintain glucose homeostasis. Thus, in controlling blood sugar levels they indirectly affect the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, but a decrease in activity of the enzyme is caused by an AMP- activated protein kinase which responds to an increase in AMP concentration, and also to leptin (Phosphorylation of reductase).

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"> Phosphorylation turns many protein enzymes on and off, causing or preventing the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and diabetes. **Caseolin** and **Oleosin** are //**P-glycoprotein inhibitor**//, and //**Increased satiety**// making ideal for Diabetes type 2. Oleosin-human //**proinsulin fusion protein**//. //**Cytokinin-rich plant extracts**// Studies have shown to //**alleviate many Diabetic symptoms**//, including //**fasting serum glucose**//, in genetically obese mice, without affecting insulin levels. Good for both //**hypoglycemia**// and //**hyperglycemia**//.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Cardiovascular System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Hypocholesterolemic. **Brassinosteroids are HMG-CoA reductase (or natural "statins")** and **potent Anti-Inflammatory** reduces Total and LDL cholesterol while improving HDL cholesterol, also reduce C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogens. **Brassinosteroids** are //**ACE Inhibitors**//, which decrease the rate of //**angiotensin II**// production which //**lowers hypertension**//. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure potent direct vasoconstrictor, constricting arteries and veins and increasing blood pressure. Through adhesion and aggregation of platelets and production of PAI-1 and PAI-2. Brassinosteroids will //**reduce plaque formation**// in //**atherosclerosis**// or and //**repair endothelial damage. Temporal Arteritis.**//

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Caleosin is a Ca2+-binding**// oil-body surface protein, in very small dosage amount is calcium-driven aggregation and coalescence. Calcium ions at concentration as low as 100 nM were able to strongly modify the shape and aggregation state of purified oil bodies, as well as their behavior within a monolayer, reflecting potentially profound changes in their structure and dynamic. Caleosin plays a role in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies, reduces Total and LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides. Caleosin plays a role in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies, reduces Total and LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides. //**Caleosin-Oleosin**// are ideal in the prevention of atherosclerosis is achieved by fine-tuning their calcium and lipids affinities into precisely the appropriate range. The effect of calcium ions and calcium chelators (EGTA). The insertion of different structural proteins of oil bodies (oleosins and caleosin) in phospholipid (PLs) monolayers and effect of calcium ions on this behavior. Oleosins were able to insert themselves well into phospholipids monolayer while caleosin surprisingly, did not have this ability. Calcium and Sterol-binding capacity; Signaling and Trafficking functions. Prevents future need for chelation of the arteries. Also excellent for the management //**Cardiac Ischemia**// which may cause chest pain, known as //**Angina Pectoris. Jasmonic acid**// or //**gibberellic acid**// are beneficial hormones //**for treating**// or //**preventing atherosclerotic plaque**//. They increase the expression of P2Y //**purinergic receptors**// are a family of newly characterized //**plasma membrane molecules**// involved in several and as yet only partially known //**cellular functions**// such as //**vascular reactivity**//, //**apoptosis**// and //**cytokine secretion.**//

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Infectious Diseases: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Dammaranedienol being Antiviral, Antiherpetic. Recent research on 105 plant lactones found that the alantolactone and isoalantolactone in elecampane were powerful //**Antibacterial**// and //**Antifungal**// agents.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Dermatology-Hematology-Oncology: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Systemically and topically for various skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, or herpes lesions, characterized by eruptions and itching. Scabies. Melanoma, Apoptotic. Sesquiterpenes, including alantolactone, isoalantolactone and 5-epoxyalantolactone, present in Inula helenium merit further evaluation as chemopreventive agents. //**Induce detoxifying enzymes**// such as //**quinine reductase**// (QR) and //**glutathione S-transferase. Brassinosteroids for**// Dermatitis and Allergic reactions of all sorts. Also excellent for //**psoriasis**// since brassinosteroid //**regulates auto-immune**// conditions and diseases. //**Caleosin**// and //**Oleosin proteinaceous lipid bodies**// for //**psoriasis**// and //**wound healing**//.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Chia-Nan Chen, Hsin-Hsiu Huang, Chia-Li Wu, Coney P.C. Lin, John T.A. Hsu, Hsing-Pang Hsieh, Shuang-En Chuang and Gi-Ming Lai (2007) Isocostunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-dependent apoptosis in //**human melanoma cells**//. Cancer Letters, Volume 246, Issues 1-2, 8, Pages 237-252.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Dental: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Oral Buccal //**Biofilms**// bacterial infections gram positive and gram negative.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Ob-Gyn: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Emmenagogue**// for //**Amenorrhea**// and //**vaginal catarrh**// (leucorrhea) inhibition against the odor producing discharge cause by inflammation or congestion of the vaginal mucosa. Need to rule out pathogenic infections and or STDs.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Renal Uro-genital System: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Edema water retention, //**diuretic**//, and //**diaphoretic**//. Excessive catarrhal discharges from the bladder are readily controlled by its use.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Environmental Medicine: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">//**Auxins Indoles**// removes any substances that increases estrogen especially of interest is the Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) plasticizers.**Oleosin** are //**thioredoxin-reductase regulator**//, Antioxidant, Anti-Toxins. //**ABC transporters**// mediate diverse cellular transport processes, such as the //excretion// //**of potentially toxic compounds, lipid translocation**//, and //**heavy metal tolerance**//, modulation of the activity of ion channels, and nutrient transport and salt stress.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Veterinary Medicine: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">One of its common name 'Scabwort' arose from the fact that a decoction of it is said to cure sheep affected with the scab, and the name 'Horse-heal' was given it from its reputed virtues in curing the cutaneous diseases of horses. Silicosis is seen in horses associated with inhalation of dust from certain cristobalite-containing soils in California.

 <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; color: black; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">** Scientific Based Evidence Research: **

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Of late years, modern scientific research has proved that the claims of Elecampane to be a valuable remedy in pulmonary diseases have a solid basis. One authority, Korab, showed in 1885 that the active, bitter principle, Helenin, is such a powerful antiseptic and bactericide, that a few drops of a solution of 1 part in 10,000 immediately kills the ordinary bacterial organisms, being peculiarly destructive to the Tubercle bacillus. He gave it successfully in tubercular and catarrhal diarrheas, and praised it also as an antiseptic in surgery. In Spain it has been made use of as a surgical dressing. Obiol, in 1886, stated it to be an efficient local remedy in the treatment of diphtheria, the false membrane being painted with a solution of Helenin in Oil of Almond.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Tumor cell specific toxicity of Inula helenium extracts:** Phytotherapy Res. 2006 Nov;20(11):970-80.Dorn DC, Alexenizer M, Hengstler JG, Dorn A. Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The aim of the research program was to identify botanical extracts with antineoplastic activity. In this respect extracts prepared from Inula helenium roots showed a remarkable activity. As evidenced by the MTT assay, the Inula helenium extract revealed a highly selective toxicity toward four different tumor cell lines (HT-29, MCF-7, Capan-2 and G1), but a much lower toxicity against healthy human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from two donors. The extract-induced death of tumor cells was studied extensively by electron microscopy. There was a remarkable similarity of morphological alterations observed in the four cell lines: patchy chromatin condensations, cytoplasmic vesiculation, swelling and rupture of mitochondria. The morphology of cellular breakdown bore //**more resemblance to necrotic than to apoptotic**// cell death, which was supported by the failure to mark early apoptotic events by Annexin V. It has been pointed out recently that compounds inducing cell death with necrotic-like morphology could be very beneficial in cases where cancerous cells have gained resistance to apoptosis. In this context, the remarkable difference in cytotoxicity exerted by the Inula helenium extract, which was over 100-times higher in the tumor cell lines than in the PBLs, makes the extract an excellent candidate for further anticancerous investigations, especially since the Inula helenium extract was not mutagenic in the Ames test. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Isocostunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells** Cancer Lett. 2007 Feb 8;246(1-2):237-52. Epub 2006 May 11. Chen CN, Huang HH, Wu CL, Lin CP, Hsu JT, Hsieh HP, Chuang SE, Lai GM.Divsion of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Isocostunolide is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the roots of Inula helenium. Its chemical structure was determined by NMR and FAB-MS spectra. No biological activities of this compound have yet been reported. In this study, we found isocostunolide could effectively induce cytotoxicity in three cancer cell lines (A2058, HT-29, and HepG2), with an IC(50) of 3.2, 5.0, and 2.0 micro g/mL, respectively. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that isocostunolide actively induced apoptosis of cancer cells accompanied by a marked loss of G0/G1 phase cells. To address the mechanism of the apoptotic effect of isocostunolide, we analyzed the induction of apoptosis-related proteins in A2058. The levels of pro-caspase-8, Bid, pro-caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) decreased. However, the level of Fas was increased markedly in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, this compound markedly induced a depolarization of mitochondrial membranes to facilitate cytochrome c release into cytosol. The findings suggest that isocostunolide may activate a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. To address this, we found that isocostunolide-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential occurred via modulation of the Bcl-2 family proteins. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A2058 was not elicited. In summary, for the first time, we have isolated and characterized isocostunolide from I. helenium. This compound induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway in A2058 cells.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Antimicrobial activity of 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate** Fitoterapia. 2005 Dec;76(7-8):687-90. Epub 2005 Oct 19.Stojakowska A, Kedzia B, Kisiel W. Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krak¨®w, Poland. stoja@if-pan.krakow.pl

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">10-Isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate was found to be a major constituent of Inula helenium and Inula royleana root cultures. The compound showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Stress-inducing effect of hypoxia of different origin and its correction with Inula Helenium L. tincture:** Bull Exp Biol Med. 2005 Apr;139(4):414-7.Zelenskaya KL, Povet'eva TN, Pashinskii VG, Fomina TN, Timina EA, Perova AV.Institute of Pharmacology, Tomsk Research Center, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia. ilz@pharm.tsu.ru

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In order to evaluate the severity of stress, the effects of single and repeated exposure to hypoxia of different origin (hemic, tissue, and circulatory) on the classical parameters of the Selye triad, cytological characteristics of lymphoid organs, and karyometric parameters (nucleus diameters) were studied in all adrenal zones, and analysis of correlations was carried out. The corrective effect of Inula helenium L. tincture manifested in prolongation of the life-span and normalization of somatic and morphological parameters.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Elecampane and Job's disease:** Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1998 Jan;28(1):7-11.Al-Gammal SY. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Elecampane (Inula Campana) sometimes referred to as Inula helenium is famous for its successful use as a medication by Prophet Job who had chronic sore boils. Hippocrates described it as a good and effective cure for chronic skin eruptions and itch etc. Elecampane is also reputed to relieve all kinds of pains, especially those arising from chills, and animal bites. In traditional medicine, Elecampane was and is still used in different forms for the cure of many diseases. Anthelminthic efficacy of traditional herbs on Ascaris lumbricoides: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002 Dec;32(3):893-900.El Garhy MF, Mahmoud LH. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. The ascaricidal efficacy of six commonly used traditional herbs. Artemesia santonica, Inula helenium, Cassia abutnsifolla, Albizzia lebbek, Acacia auriculoformis and oil of Apium graveolens, was tested in vitro against the eggs and larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides. Aqueous extracts of 1% Artemesia and 5% of Albizzia and Inula were effective in killing both the infective larvae ill less than 40 days and eggs in 20 days. The results showed that Artemesia, Albizzia and to less extent Inula were promising antihelmintics against Ascaris lumbricoides. Extracts of the other tested herbs were less or no value.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Antiproliferative sesquiterpene lactones from the roots of Inula helenium:** Biol Pharm Bull. **2002** Oct;25(10):1370-2. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**The MeOH extract of the roots of Inula helenium showed a high inhibitory activity** for cell growth against human gastric adenocarcinoma MK-1, human uterus carcinoma HeLa and murine melanoma B16F10 cell lines. Significant activity was found in the hexane-soluble fraction. From the hexane-soluble fraction, seven sesquiterpenes, namely, one germacrane (4beta,5alpha-epoxy-1(10),11(13)-germacradiene-8,12-olide), one elemane (igalane), and five eudesmanes (alantolactone, isoalantolactone, 11alpha,13-dihydroalantolactone, 11alpha,13-dihydro-isoalantolactone, 5-epoxyalantolactone) were isolated. In vitro antiproliferative activities of the isolates against MK-1, HeLa and B16F10 cells are reported.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Antimycobacterial eudesmanolides from Inula helenium and Rudbeckia subtomentosa:**Planta Med. 1999 May;65(4):351-5.Cantrell CL, Abate L, Fronczek FR, Franzblau SG, Quijano L, Fischer NH.Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In a bioassay guided search for antimycobacterial compounds from higher plants, the root extracts of Elecampane (Inula helenium L.; Asteraceae) and Sweet Coneflower (Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh.; Asteraceae) were chemically investigated for their active constituents. Chromatographic fractions of root extracts of l. helenium, which exhibited significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, provided the known eudesmanolides alantolactone, isoalantolactone, and 11 alpha H, 13-dihydroisoalantolactone. Peracid epoxidation of alantolactone and isoalantolactone provided 5 alpha-epoxyalantolactone and 4(15) alpha-epoxyisoalantolactone, respectively and oxidation of alantolactone with OsO4 gave 11,13-dihydroxyalantolactone. Active fractions from R subtomentosa contained the known alloalantolactone and 3-oxoalloalantolactone. The structures of the above compounds were established by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as spectral comparison with previously reported data. The molecular structure of 5 alpha-epoxyalantolactone was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Eleven natural and semisynthetic eudesmanolides were tested in a radiorespirometric bioassay for activity against M. tuberculosis. 5 alpha-Epoxyalantolactone and encelin from Montanoa speciosa showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8 and 16 micrograms ml-1, respectively. Alantolactone, isoalantolactone and its 4 alpha, 15-epoxide, 1,2-dehydro-3-epi-isotelekin and alloalantolactone gave MICs of 32 micrograms ml-1. All other compounds showed MIC values of 128 micrograms ml-1 or higher.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Tumor cell specific toxicity of Inula helenium extracts.** Dorn DC, Alexenizer M, Hengstler JG, Dorn A. Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The aim of the research program was to identify botanical extracts with antineoplastic activity. In this respect extracts prepared from Inula helenium roots showed a remarkable activity. As evidenced by the MTT assay, the Inula helenium extract revealed a highly selective toxicity toward four different tumor cell lines (HT-29, MCF-7, Capan-2 and G1), but a much lower toxicity against healthy human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from two donors. The extract-induced death of tumor cells was studied extensively by electron microscopy. There was a remarkable similarity of morphological alterations observed in the four cell lines: patchy chromatin condensations, cytoplasmic vesiculation, swelling and rupture of mitochondria. The morphology of cellular breakdown bore more resemblance to necrotic than to apoptotic cell death, which was supported by the failure to mark early apoptotic events by Annexin V. It has been pointed out recently that compounds inducing cell death with necrotic-like morphology could be very beneficial in cases where cancerous cells have gained resistance to apoptosis. In this context, the remarkable difference in cytotoxicity exerted by the Inula helenium extract, which was over 100-times higher in the tumor cell lines than in the PBLs, makes the extract an excellent candidate for further anticancerous investigations, especially since the Inula helenium extract was not mutagenic in the Ames test. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID: 16912983 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Induction of detoxifying enzyme by sesquiterpenes present in Inula helenium.** Lim SS, Kim JR, Lim HA, Jang CH, Kim YK, Konishi T, Kim EJ, Park JH, Kim JS.

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Regional Innovation Center and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Our previous study showed that the methanolic extract of Inula helenium (elecampane) had the potential to //**induce detoxifying enzymes**// such as //**quinine reductase**// (QR) and //**glutathione S-transferase**//. In this study we further fractionated the methanolic extract into hexane-, dichloromethane-, butanol-, and water-soluble fractions according to polarity. The hexane fraction showed the highest QR-inducing activity and also induced glutathione S-transferase in a dose-dependent manner. Its potential to induce the reporter activity suggested an antioxidant response element-mediated mechanism of action in the induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes. Intraperitoneal injection of the hexane fraction of I. helenium into ICR mice caused a significant increase of QR activity in liver, kidney, small intestine, and stomach. Sesquiterpenes, isolated from the hexane fraction, appeared to be major components responsible for QR induction. Among the seven compounds tested in this study, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, and 5alpha-epoxyalantolactone significantly induced QR activity in both Hepa1c1c7 and BPRc1 cells. In conclusion, sesquiterpenes, including alantolactone, isoalantolactone and 5-epoxyalantolactone, present in I. helenium merit further evaluation as chemopreventive agents. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">PMID: 17887945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">**Antiproliferative sesquiterpene lactones from the roots of Inula helenium.** Konishi T, Shimada Y, Nagao T, Okabe H, Konoshima T. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. konishi@mb.kyoto-phu.ac.jp

<span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The MeOH extract of the roots of Inula helenium showed a high inhibitory activity for cell growth against MK-1, HeLa and B16F10 cell lines. Significant activity was found in the hexane-soluble fraction. From the hexane-soluble fraction, seven sesquiterpenes, namely, one germacrane (4beta,5alpha-epoxy-1(10),11(13)-germacradiene-8,12-olide), one elemane (igalane), and five eudesmanes (alantolactone, isoalantolactone, 11alpha,13-dihydroalantolactone, 11alpha,13-dihydro-isoalantolactone, 5-epoxyalantolactone) were isolated. In vitro antiproliferative activities of the isolates against MK-1, HeLa and B16F10 cells are reported. PMID: 12392098 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].